Publication: Trihalomethanes in water supply system and water distribution networks
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Issued Date
2021
Resource Type
Language
eng
File Type
application/pdf
ISSN
16617827
Other identifier(s)
2-s2.0-85113570533
Rights Holder(s)
Scopus
Bibliographic Citation
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Vol 18, No.17 (2021)
Suggested Citation
Sriboonnak S., Induvesa P., Wattanachira S., Rakruam P., Siyasukh A., Pumas C., Wongrueng A., Khan E. Trihalomethanes in water supply system and water distribution networks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Vol 18, No.17 (2021). doi:10.3390/ijerph18179066 Retrieved from: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14740/4111
Abstract
The formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) in natural and treated water from water supply systems is an urgent research area due to the carcinogenic risk they pose. Seasonal effects and pH have captured interest as potential factors affecting THM formation in the water supply and distribution systems. We investigated THM occurrence in the water supply chain, including raw and treated water from water treatment plants (coagulation, sedimentation, sand filtration, ClO2-disinfection processes, and distribution pipelines) in the Chiang Mai municipality, particularly the educational institute area. The effects of two seasons, rainy (September–November 2019) and dry (December 2019–February 2020), acted as surrogates for the water quality profile and THM occurrence. The results showed that humic acid was the main aromatic and organic compound in all the water samples. In the raw water sample, we found a correlation between surrogate organic compounds, including SUVA and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (R2 = 0.9878). Four species of THMs were detected, including chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform. Chloroform was the dominant species among the THMs. The highest concentration of total THMs was 189.52 µg/L. The concentration of THMs tended to increase after chlorination when chlorine dioxide and organic compounds reacted in water. The effect of pH on the formation of TTHMs was also indicated during the study. TTHM concentrations trended lower with a pH ≤ 7 than with a pH ≥ 8 during the sampling periods. Finally, in terms of health concerns, the concentration of TTHMs was considered safe for consumption because it was below the standard (<1.0) of WHO’s Guideline Values (GVs). © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Subject(s)
Concentration (composition)
Disinfection
Distribution system
Humic acid
Water supply
Water treatment plant
Chiang Mai [Northern Region]
Northern Region [Thailand]
Thailand
Trihalomethane
Water
Disinfection
Water management
Water pollutant
Water supply
Disinfection
Trihalomethanes
Water
Water Pollutants, Chemical
Water Purification
Water Supply
Disinfection
Distribution system
Humic acid
Water supply
Water treatment plant
Chiang Mai [Northern Region]
Northern Region [Thailand]
Thailand
Trihalomethane
Water
Disinfection
Water management
Water pollutant
Water supply
Disinfection
Trihalomethanes
Water
Water Pollutants, Chemical
Water Purification
Water Supply