Development of flow systems incorporating membraneless vaporization units and flow-through contactless conductivity detector for determination of dissolved ammonium and sulfide in canal water

Abstract

Use of membraneless vaporization (MBL-VP) unit with two cone-shaped reservoirs is presented for on-line separation and detection of non-volatile species. A flow system comprising two sets of MBL-VP units with a single in-house capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector (C4D) was developed for dual determination of ammonium and sulfide ions. Using the continuous-flow section, two zones (280 μL) of a sample, either mixed with sodium hydroxide (for ammonium) or hydrochloric acid (for sulfide), are separately delivered into the donor reservoir of the MBL-VP units. The acceptor reservoir contains either 150 μL of 15 μM HCl solution (for ammonia) or pure water (for hydrogen sulfide), respectively. Vaporization and trapping of the ammonia or hydrogen sulfide gas from the donor reservoir into the liquid acceptor cone occur concurrently in the two separate MBL-VP units. After trapping the gas for 3 min, the two 150-μL liquid acceptors are sequentially aspirated through the C4D flow cell for recording the changes in the conductivity. Linear calibrations were obtained for ammonium from 5 to 80 µM (Volt = (0.0134 ± 0.0003) [NH4+] – (0.01 ± 0.01), r2 = 0.998) and for sulfide from 5 to 200 µM (Volt = (0.0335 ± 0.0009) [S2-] – (0.13 ± 0.09), r2 = 0.996). Analysis time for both analytes is only 320 s. Our method was applied to analyze canal water samples. The results agree well with membrane gas-diffusion flow injection techniques, using bromothymol blue for ammonium and methylene blue for sulfide. Recoveries ranged from 95% to 104%. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.