Fast magnetic-responsive shape memory composites from bio-based benzoxazine/polyglycerol polyglycidyl ether copolymers highly filled with iron oxide nanoparticles

Abstract

Shape memory polymers are advanced materials that find diverse applications in soft robotic grippers, aerospace structures, and medical devices. This study focuses on developing fast magnetic-responsive shape memory composites using bio-based benzoxazine /polyglycerol polyglycidyl ether copolymers filled with high-content iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs). We investigated how varying Fe3O4 NP content influenced composite properties. Results indicated improved saturation magnetization, mechanical strength, and thermal stability with increasing Fe3O4 NP content (5–45 wt%). Activation of the composites’ recovery process via an alternating magnetic field consistently achieved high shape recovery ratios (96–99 %). As Fe3O4 NP content increased, recovery time decreased from 14 to 3 s due to enhanced heat generation, accelerating shape restoration by reaching the glass transition temperature faster. Furthermore, we demonstrated their utility in a four-arm gripper, highlighting their potential in soft robotics. In conclusion, these shape memory composites exhibit rapid magnetic-responsive properties, promising significant applications in soft robotics.